![]() ![]() Haplotypes 6 and 7 co-occurred in the Middle East along eastern Mediterranean Sea landmasses, while NAFME 8 was found to be endemic to Cyprus, Turkey, and desert micro-niches throughout Egypt and Israel. The NAFME 4 and 5 haplotypes are endemic to warm and cold semi-arid niches delimited by the Irano-Turanian floristic region, itself harboring extensive biodiversity. The NAFME 1–3 haplotypes were members of the same population that is associated with warm desert climate niches of the Arabian Peninsula and east coastal Africa-Ethiopia. ![]() Eight haplotype groups within the North Africa-Middle East (NAFME) region were differentiated, NAFME 1–8. Patterns of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and signatures potentially indicative of geographic isolation were investigated using a globally representative mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCOI) sequence database. To trace the natural and evolutionary history of the invasive B haplotypes, a phylo-biogeographic study was undertaken. In the 1980s, previously uncharacterized haplotype(s) of the B mitotype rapidly established in tropical and subtropical locales distant from their presumed center of origin, leading to displacement of several native mitotypes and extreme damage to crops and other vegetation particularly in irrigated agroecosystems. The Bemisia tabaci cryptic species contains 39 known mitotypes of which the B and Q are best recognized for having established outside their extant endemic range. Contrary to claims that collectively, the B variant is invasive, only two of the eight haplotypic groups have established in geographical locations outside of their zone of endemism. Also, the distribution patterns of the eight B haplotypes were tightly linked to well-defined eco-geographic regions, suggesting the different groups have diversified by geographic isolation. ![]() Unexpectedly, the analysis revealed eight SNPs groups (haplotypes) demonstrating that the genetic architecture of the B mitoype is more complex than previously recognized. The whitefly sequence records represented North Africa-Middle Eastern habitats, the proposed B variant center of origin, and distant locales recently invaded by haplotype(s) of the B variant. tabaci mitochondrial gene sequences were examined for patterns of conserved single nucleotide changes (SNPs). In the 1980s, unprecedented outbreaks associated with the B variant were reported worldwide, however, the precise origin(s) of the invasive haplotypes has not been determined. These haplotypes have potential to upsurge and become important pests and plant virus vectors in irrigated agroecosystems worldwide. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci taxon consists of an undefined number of morphologically identical genetic variants of which only a few, including the B, harbor invasive haplotypes. ![]()
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